The English language uses three words as articles: "a" for indefinite singular nouns starting with a consonant sound, "an" for indefinite singular nouns starting with a vowel sound and "the" for definite nouns. The number of specific rules and exceptions regarding usage can frustrate students of English as a second language, but most uses of articles fall under a few fundamental rules.
A/An: Substitute for One or Any
This is the most common use of indefinite articles. You should use a or an before any singular countable noun that is indefinite. For example, you say, "This morning I saw a dog." Use a because the dog is not your dog nor the only dog in town, it is just one dog that you happened to see.
A/An: Frequency or Allotment
You say, "The show costs $20 a person," or "I visit my relatives twice a year." Using a or an in this way denotes frequency or allotment.
A/An: One Single
Using a or an in this way is a little old-fashioned, but you can still see and hear it used. A or an can be used in negative sentences to state emphatically "a single". For example, you say, "We had not a thing to eat," or "There was not a tree in sight."
The: Known Things
This is the most common use of the. Use the when talking about definite things that your audience already knows about or that are obvious. For example, you say, "I spilled my drink on the carpet." Use the because you did not spill your drink on just any carpet; it was a specific carpet in a specific place that your audience knows about.
The: Things Already Mentioned
Use the to refer to something that you have already mentioned. For example, you say, "I saw a dog this morning," when you first mention the dog but later you should say, "The dog looked hungry." Every time you refer to the dog after this, you should use the.
The: Something Unique
Use the to refer to things that are unique. For example, you say, "I saw the Queen of England." There is only one Queen of England. If you say, "I saw a Queen of England," you are implying that there are many Queens of England.
The: Superlatives
Use the with superlatives. For example, you say, "This is the most expensive steak I have ever eaten," or, "Russia is the biggest country in the world." You use the for both of these examples because you are talking about single, unique and specific things.
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